Linux operating system

Linux is the name given to the Unix computer operating system. Linux is one example of the development of free software and open source major. Like the free software and other open source generally, Linux source code can be modified, used and redistributed freely by anyone. The name "Linux" comes from the name of the author, which was introduced in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Systems, equipment systems and libraries usually come from the GNU operating system, which was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. The GNU contribution is the basis of the alternative name GNU / Linux.

Linux has long been known for its use in servers, and backed by leading computer companies like Intel, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle Corporation, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Linux is used as the operating system on various types of computer hardware, including desktop computers, supercomputers, [4], and Embedded systems such as electronic book readers, video game systems (PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and XBox [5]), mobile phones and router. Information technology observers believe the success of Linux because Linux does not depend on the vendor (vendor independence), low operating cost, and compatibility is higher than the UNIX version is not free, as well as the safety factor and high stability compared to other operating systems like Microsoft Windows. These characteristics are also a testament to the excellence model of open source software development (open source software).
Linux operating system known as Linux distributions (Linux distribution) or Linux distributions generally include a device-support software such as web servers, programming languages, databases, desktop (desktop environment) such as GNOME, KDE and Xfce also has a package of office applications (office suite) as OpenOffice.org, KOffice, Abiword, Gnumeric and LibreOffice.

Linux Logo (Tux) began when Linus Torvalds was a walk in the park Perth. While we were walking it was Linus Torvalds in the stakes by Pinguin scores and fever for days. He thinks that the character of a penguin suited to be a logo of his new operating system. Then held a competition to design a new logo Linux, and the competition was won by Larry Ewing who managed to depict a penguin that is sitting.

Linux is a modular Unix-like operating system. Linux has a lot of design derived from the basic design of Unix that was developed in the period of the 1970s until the 1980s. Linux uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel which handles process control, networking, peripherals and access the file system. Device drivers are integrated into the kernel. Many high-level functions in Linux are handled by separate projects which integrate with the kernel. The GNU userland is an important part of the Linux system that provides a shell and equipment that handles many basic functions of the operating system. In the kernel, these devices form a complete Linux system with a graphical user interface that can be used, typically runs on top of X Window System.

A brief history of operating systems-Unix operating system indicates the origin of Linux. Consider the concept and design despite having the same architecture, Linux does not have the source code is not free as well as Unix or Minix. The main difference between Linux and other popular operating systems lies in the Linux kernel and its components are free and open. Linux is not the only operating system in that category, however Linux is the best example and most used. Some software licenses are free and open source based on the principles of copyleft, a concept that embraces the principle: from the work produced must also be a copyleft copyleft. Free software license is the most common, GNU GPL, is a form of copyleft, and is used by the Linux kernel and the components from the GNU project. Linux system is closely related to POSIX standards, [18] SUS, [19] ISO and ANSI. However, the new Linux-FT distribution are POSIX.1 certified.
Projects free software, although developed in the form of collaboration, often released separately. However, because the license-free software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, there are projects that aim to collect software-the software and make it available at the same time in a form called Linux distributions.

A Linux distribution, commonly called a "distro", is a project that aims to organize a collection of Linux-based software and facilitate the installation of a Linux operating system. Linux distributions are handled by individuals, teams, volunteer organizations and commercial entities. Linux distributions have a system and application software in the form of packages and software that is specifically designed for installation and system configuration. The software is also responsible for updating the package. A Linux Distribution is responsible for the default configuration, and integration of security systems in general of the software packages of Linux systems.

Windows operating system

Microsoft Windows or better known as the Windows family of operating systems. developed by Microsoft, using a graphical user interface. Windows operating systems have evolved from the MS-DOS, an operating system based on text mode and command-line. The first Windows version, Windows Graphic Environment 1.0 was first introduced on 10 November 1983, but only out of the market in November 1985, designed to meet the computer needs to display a picture. Windows 1.0 is a 16-bit software (not an operating system) that runs on MS-DOS (and some variants of the MS-DOS), so he will not be able to run without a DOS operating system. Version 2.x, 3.x versions of the same. Some versions of Windows (starting from version 4.0 and Windows NT 3.1) is an independent operating system that no longer depend on MS-DOS operating system. Microsoft Windows and can be developed and can be controlled using the operating system up to 90%.

Starting from 6 DosShell for Microsoft's DOS and Microsoft wanted to compete against the best-selling Apple Macintosh using the GUI, Microsoft created the Windows 1.0. The name comes from the Microsoft employees who call the name of the application as a Windows program (Windows Program). Windows version 2 is the first Windows version that can install the program. The only program that can be added to the Microsoft Word version 1. Windows version 3 promises more additional applications, the completeness of use, beauty user interface or the interface and easy configuration. Windows version 3.1 is a Windows version that can optimize its use in the processor 32-bit Intel 80386 and above. Windows Version 3.11 is the last version of Windows before the era of the Start Menu. Windows 3.11 was the first Windows version that supports networking / network. The hybrid version can be run without MS-DOS. The hybrid version is installed itself with DOS 7. Unlike 16-bit Windows version of the shell that must be installed through DOS first. Application is different. Although Windows 9X can run 16-bit Windows applications, but Windows 9X has its own grade applications - X86-32, Windows 9X is very popular with the BSOD (Blue Screen of Death).

Computer

Said the computer was originally used to describe people whose jobs do arithmetic calculations, with or without a walker, but the word is then transferred to the machine itself. ENIAC, the U.S. early computers originally designed to take into account ballistics tables for weapons (artillery), calculate the density of neutron cross-section to see if a hydrogen bomb would work properly (this calculation, conducted in December 1945 until January 1946 and involved dala in more than one million punch cards, and then show the form under consideration would fail). CSIR Mk 1/CSIRAC, Australia's first computer, evaluated rainfall patterns for the catchment of the Snowy Mountains, a large Hydroelectric generation projects. It is also used in cryptanalysis, for example, the first digital electronic computer, Colossus, built during World War II. However, early visionaries also think that it will allow programming to play chess, moving images and other uses

Invention of the microprocessor in the 1970s, became possible to produce a very low-cost computers. PCs are becoming popular for many tasks, including keeping books, writing and printing documents. The calculation of forecasts and other repetitive math with lembatang scatter, related to e-mail and, the Internet. However, the widespread availability of computers and easy customization has seen them used for many other purposes. Simultaneously, a small computer, usually by adjusting the programming, started finding their way into other devices such as home appliances, automobiles, airplanes, and industrial equipment. Embedded processors which are controlled behavior of such devices easier, allowing more complex control behavior (for events, development of anti-lock brakes in cars). When the twenty-first century begins, most electrical devices, most forms of powered transport, and most factory production lines are controlled by computers.

People in government and large companies also use computers to automate the data collection and many tasks previously done by humans - for example, maintain and update accounts and inventory. In the field of education, scientists in various fields began using computers for their own analysis. Decline in computer prices to make them can be used by smaller organizations. Businesses, organizations, and governments often use very many small computers to complete tasks that were once performed by main frame computers are expensive and bulky. A collection of smaller computers at one site as submitted to the server farm.